x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
OR
o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Maryland | 68-0329422 | |
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
(Registrants Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Title of Each Class: | Name of Exchange on Which Registered: | |
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes o NO x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of accelerated filer and large accelerated filer in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer x | Accelerated Filer o | Non-Accelerated Filer o |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o NO x
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuers classes of stock, as of the last practicable date.
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | 28,072,642 as of November 5, 2007 |
i
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) (Unaudited) |
September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
ASSETS |
||||||||
Real estate loans | $ | 7,656,035 | $ | 9,352,107 | ||||
Real estate securities | 2,926,388 | 3,232,767 | ||||||
Other real estate investments | 25,300 | | ||||||
Non-real estate investments | 80,000 | | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 309,544 | 168,016 | ||||||
Total earning assets | 10,997,267 | 12,752,890 | ||||||
Restricted cash | 137,062 | 112,167 | ||||||
Accrued interest receivable | 50,473 | 70,769 | ||||||
Derivative assets | 19,749 | 26,827 | ||||||
Deferred tax asset | 5,943 | 5,146 | ||||||
Deferred asset-backed securities issuance costs | 46,875 | 42,468 | ||||||
Other assets | 25,439 | 20,206 | ||||||
Total Assets | $ | 11,282,808 | $ | 13,030,473 | ||||
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY |
||||||||
Liabilities |
||||||||
Redwood debt | $ | 39,378 | $ | 1,856,208 | ||||
Asset-backed securities issued | 10,802,528 | 9,979,224 | ||||||
Accrued interest payable | 63,177 | 50,590 | ||||||
Derivative liabilities | 28,477 | 6,214 | ||||||
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 29,467 | 16,832 | ||||||
Dividends payable | 20,989 | 18,715 | ||||||
Subordinated notes | 150,000 | 100,000 | ||||||
Total liabilities | 11,134,016 | 12,027,783 | ||||||
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) |
||||||||
Stockholders Equity |
||||||||
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized; 27,985,954 and 26,733,460 issued and outstanding | 280 | 267 | ||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 974,748 | 903,808 | ||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (735,082 | ) | 93,158 | |||||
Cumulative earnings | 777,819 | 809,011 | ||||||
Cumulative distributions to stockholders | (868,973 | ) | (803,554 | ) | ||||
Total stockholders equity | 148,792 | 1,002,690 | ||||||
Total Liabilities and Stockholders Equity | $ | 11,282,808 | $ | 13,030,473 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
2
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) (Unaudited) |
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||||||||
Interest Income |
||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans | $ | 116,670 | $ | 149,018 | $ | 363,097 | $ | 470,893 | ||||||||
Real estate securities | 94,776 | 72,759 | 273,427 | 189,656 | ||||||||||||
Other real estate investments | 1,275 | | 4,409 | | ||||||||||||
Non-real estate investments | 1,143 | | 1,607 | | ||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 4,960 | 1,872 | 11,048 | 7,220 | ||||||||||||
Total interest income | 218,824 | 223,649 | 653,588 | 667,769 | ||||||||||||
Interest Expense |
||||||||||||||||
Redwood debt | (5,858 | ) | (9,422 | ) | (59,652 | ) | (13,316 | ) | ||||||||
Asset-backed securities issued | (156,222 | ) | (165,251 | ) | (431,709 | ) | (515,531 | ) | ||||||||
Subordinated notes | (3,150 | ) | | (7,722 | ) | | ||||||||||
Total interest expense | (165,230 | ) | (174,673 | ) | (499,083 | ) | (528,847 | ) | ||||||||
Net Interest Income |
53,594 | 48,976 | 154,505 | 138,922 | ||||||||||||
Operating expenses | (11,732 | ) | (13,455 | ) | (42,286 | ) | (42,074 | ) | ||||||||
Realized gains on sales and calls, net | 1,824 | 5,690 | 5,708 | 15,740 | ||||||||||||
Market valuation adjustments, net | (102,766 | ) | (5,257 | ) | (142,460 | ) | (11,184 | ) | ||||||||
Net (loss) income before provision for income taxes | (59,080 | ) | 35,954 | (24,533 | ) | 101,404 | ||||||||||
Provision for income taxes | (1,837 | ) | (3,538 | ) | (6,659 | ) | (9,563 | ) | ||||||||
Net (Loss) Income | $ | (60,917 | ) | $ | 32,416 | $ | (31,192 | ) | $ | 91,841 | ||||||
Basic earnings (loss) per share: | $ | (2.18 | ) | $ | 1.25 | $ | (1.14 | ) | $ | 3.60 | ||||||
Diluted earnings (loss) per share: | $ | (2.18 | ) | $ | 1.22 | $ | (1.14 | ) | $ | 3.51 | ||||||
Regular dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.75 | $ | 0.70 | $ | 2.25 | $ | 2.10 | ||||||||
Special dividends declared per common share | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||||
Total dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.75 | $ | 0.70 | $ | 2.25 | $ | 2.10 | ||||||||
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 27,892,199 | 25,869,743 | 27,388,185 | 25,525,054 | ||||||||||||
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 27,892,199 | 26,624,532 | 27,388,185 | 26,132,000 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
3
(In Thousands) (Unaudited) |
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||||||||
Net (Loss) Income |
$ | (60,917 | ) | $ | 32,416 | $ | (31,192 | ) | $ | 91,841 | ||||||
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income: |
||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale securities | (644,975 | ) | 31,342 | (839,405 | ) | 29,962 | ||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for net losses included in net income | 18,908 | 30 | 25,853 | 686 | ||||||||||||
Unrealized (losses) on cash flow hedges, net | (28,285 | ) | (27,576 | ) | (14,471 | ) | (3,261 | ) | ||||||||
Reclassification of net realized cash flow hedge losses (gains) to interest expense on asset-backed securities issued and realized gains on sales | 183 | 47 | (217 | ) | (6,338 | ) | ||||||||||
Total Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | (654,169 | ) | 3,843 | (828,240 | ) | 21,049 | ||||||||||
Comprehensive (Loss) Income | $ | (715,086 | ) | $ | 36,259 | $ | (859,432 | ) | $ | 112,890 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
4
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) (Unaudited) |
Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Cumulative Earnings | Cumulative Distributions to Stockholders | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2006 | 26,733,460 | $ | 267 | $ | 903,808 | $ | 93,158 | $ | 809,011 | $ | (803,554 | ) | $ | 1,002,690 | ||||||||||||||
Net (loss) | | | | | (31,192 | ) | | (31,192 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized loss/reclassification on assets AFS | | | | (813,552 | ) | | | (813,552 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized loss/reclassification on interest rate agreements | | | | (14,688 | ) | | | (14,688 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividend reinvestment & stock purchase plans | 1,168,721 | 12 | 59,128 | | | | 59,140 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Employee option & stock purchase plan | 83,773 | 1 | 438 | | | | 439 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Non-cash equity award compensation | | | 11,374 | | | | 11,374 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Common dividends declared | | | | | | (65,419 | ) | (65,419 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 | 27,985,954 | $ | 280 | $ | 974,748 | $ | (735,082 | ) | $ | 777,819 | $ | (868,973 | ) | $ | 148,792 |
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) (Unaudited) |
Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Cumulative Earnings | Cumulative Distributions to Stockholders | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2005 | 25,132,625 | $ | 251 | $ | 824,365 | $ | 73,731 | $ | 681,479 | $ | (644,866 | ) | $ | 934,960 | ||||||||||||||
Net income | | | | | 91,841 | | 91,841 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized gain/reclassification on assets AFS | | | | 30,648 | | | 30,648 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net unrealized loss/reclassification on interest rate agreements | | | | (9,599 | ) | | | (9,599 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividend reinvestment & stock purchase plans | 862,733 | 9 | 38,563 | | | | 38,572 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Employee option & stock purchase plan | 60,524 | 1 | 663 | | | | 664 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Non-cash equity award compensation | (2,866 | ) | | 11,256 | | | | 11,256 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Common dividends declared | | | | | | (55,681 | ) | (55,681 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
September 30, 2006 | 26,053,016 | $ | 261 | $ | 874,847 | $ | 94,780 | $ | 773,320 | $ | (700,547 | ) | $ | 1,042,661 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
5
(In Thousands) (Unaudited) |
Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||
2007 | 2006 | |||||||
Cash Flows From Operating Activities: |
||||||||
Net (loss) income | $ | (31,192 | ) | $ | 91,841 | |||
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||
Amortization of premiums, discounts, and debt issuance costs | (48,418 | ) | (48,611 | ) | ||||
Depreciation and amortization of non-financial assets | 1,334 | 836 | ||||||
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses | 7,836 | (1,865 | ) | |||||
Non-cash equity award compensation | 11,374 | 11,256 | ||||||
Net recognized losses (gains) and valuation adjustments | 136,752 | (4,556 | ) | |||||
Purchases of other real estate investments trading | (40,818 | ) | | |||||
Purchases of non-real estate investments trading | (80,000 | ) | | |||||
Principal payments on other real estate investments trading | 11,345 | | ||||||
Net change in: |
||||||||
Accrued interest receivable | 20,296 | 9,165 | ||||||
Deferred income taxes | (716 | ) | 212 | |||||
Other assets | 9,052 | (80 | ) | |||||
Accrued interest payable | 12,587 | 10,277 | ||||||
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 12,635 | (10,622 | ) | |||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | 22,067 | 57,853 | ||||||
Cash Flows From Investing Activities: |
||||||||
Purchases of real estate loans held-for-investment | (1,173,029 | ) | (1,291,989 | ) | ||||
Proceeds from sales of real estate loans held-for-investment | 15,454 | 8,408 | ||||||
Principal payments on real estate loans held-for-investment | 2,797,271 | 5,303,962 | ||||||
Purchases of real estate securities available-for-sale | (1,173,627 | ) | (818,219 | ) | ||||
Proceeds from sales of real estate securities available-for-sale | 353,506 | 241,624 | ||||||
Proceeds from sales of other real estate investments trading | 2,237 | | ||||||
Principal payments on real estate securities available-for-sale | 256,521 | 161,790 | ||||||
Net increase in restricted cash | (24,895 | ) | (67,020 | ) | ||||
Net cash provided by investing activities | 1,053,438 | 3,538,556 | ||||||
Cash Flows From Financing Activities: |
||||||||
Net (repayments) borrowings on Redwood debt | (1,816,830 | ) | 340,287 | |||||
Proceeds from issuance of asset-backed securities | 4,217,357 | 1,460,572 | ||||||
Deferred asset-backed security issuance costs | (22,339 | ) | (10,591 | ) | ||||
Repayments on asset-backed securities | (3,352,784 | ) | (5,431,649 | ) | ||||
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated notes | 50,000 | | ||||||
Net purchases of interest rate agreements | (5,814 | ) | (2,186 | ) | ||||
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock | 59,579 | 39,236 | ||||||
Dividends paid | (63,146 | ) | (55,037 | ) | ||||
Net cash used in financing activities | (933,977 | ) | (3,659,368 | ) | ||||
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 141,528 | (62,959 | ) | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 168,016 | 175,885 | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 309,544 | $ | 112,926 | ||||
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information: |
||||||||
Cash paid for interest | $ | 486,496 | $ | 518,570 | ||||
Cash paid for taxes | $ | 10,580 | $ | 7,999 | ||||
Non-Cash Financing Activity: |
||||||||
Dividends declared but not paid | $ | 20,989 | $ | 18,237 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
6
Redwood Trust, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (Redwood, we, or us), invests in, finances, and manages real estate assets. We invest in residential and commercial real estate loans and in asset-backed securities backed by real estate loans. Our primary focus is credit-enhancing residential and commercial real estate loans. We credit-enhance loans by acquiring and managing the first-loss and other credit-sensitive securities that bear the bulk of the credit risk of securitized loans.
We seek to invest in assets that have the potential to generate high long-term cash flow returns to help support our goal of distributing an attractive level of dividends per share to shareholders over time. For tax purposes, we are structured as a real estate investment trust (REIT).
Redwood was incorporated in the State of Maryland on April 11, 1994, and commenced operations on August 19, 1994. Our executive offices are located at One Belvedere Place, Suite 300, Mill Valley, California 94941.
The consolidated financial statements presented herein are at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. The accompanying consolidated financial statements are unaudited. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and, in our opinion, reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. These consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006. The results for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 are not necessarily indicative of the expected results for the year ended December 31, 2007. Certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform to the September 30, 2007 presentation.
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Redwood Trust, Inc. (Redwood Trust) and its direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, Redwood). All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. A number of Redwood Trusts subsidiaries are qualifying REIT subsidiaries and the remainder are taxable subsidiaries. References to the Redwood REIT mean Redwood Trust and its qualifying REIT subsidiaries, excluding taxable subsidiaries.
We currently operate two securitization programs. Our Sequoia program is used for the securitization of residential mortgage loans. References to Sequoia refer collectively to all the Sequoia securitization entities. Our Acacia program involves the resecuritization of mortgage-backed securities and other types of financial assets through the issuance of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). References to Acacia refer collectively to all of the Acacia CDO issuing entities.
Under the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 140, Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities (FAS 140), we treat the securitizations we sponsor as financings, as under these provisions we have retained effective control over these loans and securities. Control is maintained through our active management of the assets in the securitization entities, our retained asset transfer discretion, our ability to direct certain servicing decisions, or a combination of the foregoing. Accordingly, the underlying loans and securities owned by these securitization entities are shown on our consolidated balance sheets under real estate loans, real estate securities, and the asset-back securities (ABS) issued to third parties are shown on our consolidated balance sheets under ABS issued. In our consolidated statements of income (loss), we record interest income on the loans and securities and interest expense on the ABS issued. Any Sequoia ABS acquired by Redwood or Acacia from Sequoia entities and any Acacia ABS acquired by Redwood for its own portfolio are eliminated in consolidation and thus are not
7
shown separately on our consolidated balance sheets and the associated income and expense are not shown separately on our consolidated statements of income (loss).
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America (GAAP) requires us to make a significant number of estimates. These include fair market value of certain assets, amount and timing of credit losses, prepayment assumptions, and other items that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of certain revenues and expenses during the reported period. It is likely that changes in these estimates (e.g., market values due to changes in supply and demand, credit performance, prepayments, interest rates, or other reasons; yields due to changes in credit outlook and loan prepayments) will occur in the near term. Our estimates are inherently subjective in nature and actual results could differ from our estimates and the differences may be material.
Real estate loans include residential and commercial real estate loans. Real estate loans held-for-investment are carried at their unpaid principal balances adjusted for net unamortized premiums or discounts and net of any allowance for credit losses.
Coupon interest is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible. We accrue interest on loans until they are more than 90 days past due at which point they are placed on nonaccrual status. Purchase discounts and premiums related to real estate loans are amortized into interest income over their estimated lives to generate an effective yield, considering the actual and future estimated prepayments of the loans pursuant to the provisions discussed below. Gains or losses on the sale of real estate loans are based on the specific identification method.
Pursuant to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 91, Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Cost of Leases (FAS 91), we use the interest method to determine an effective yield and amortize the premium or discount on loans. For loans acquired prior to July 1, 2004, we use coupon interest rates as they change over time and anticipated principal payments to determine an effective yield to amortize the premium or discount. For loans acquired after July 1, 2004, we use the initial coupon interest rate of the loans (without regard to future changes in the underlying indices) and anticipated principal payments to calculate an effective yield to amortize the premium or discount.
We may exercise our right to call ABS issued by entities sponsored by us and may subsequently sell the underlying loans to third parties. For balance sheet purposes, we reclassify held-for-investment loans to held-for-sale loans once we determine which loans will be sold to third parties. In our consolidated statements of cash flows, sales of loans are reported as sales of loans held-for-investment as the acquisition of loans were reported as purchases of loans held-for-investment.
Residential and commercial real estate loans that we are marketing for sale are classified as real estate loans held-for-sale. These are carried at the lower of cost or fair market value on a loan-by-loan basis. Any market valuation adjustments on these loans are recognized in valuation adjustments, net in our consolidated statements of income (loss).
For consolidated real estate loans held-for-investment, we establish and maintain credit reserves based on estimates of credit losses inherent in these loan portfolios as of the reporting date. To calculate the credit
8
reserve, we assess inherent losses by determining loss factors (defaults, the timing of defaults, and loss severities upon defaults) that can be specifically applied to each of the consolidated loans, loan pools, or individual loans. See Note 8 for a discussion of the reserves for credit losses.
We follow the guidelines of Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 102, Selected Loan Loss Allowance Methodology and Documentation (SAB 102), Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies (FAS 5), Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 114, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan (FAS 114), and Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 118, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan-Income Recognition and Disclosures (FAS 118) in setting credit reserves for our real estate loans.
The following factors are considered and applied in such determinations:
| Ongoing analyses of loans, including, but not limited to, the age of loans, underwriting standards, business climate, economic conditions, geographical considerations, and other observable data; |
| Historical loss rates and past performance of similar loans; |
| Relevant environmental factors; |
| Relevant market research and publicly available third-party reference loss rates; |
| Trends in delinquencies and charge-offs; |
| Effects and changes in credit concentrations; |
| Information supporting the borrowers ability to meet obligations; |
| Ongoing evaluations of fair market values of collateral using current appraisals and other valuations; and |
| Discounted cash flow analyses. |
Once we determine applicable default amounts, the timing of the defaults, and severity of losses upon the defaults, we estimate expected losses for each pool of loans over its expected life. We then estimate the timing of these losses and the losses probable to occur over an effective loss confirmation period. This period is defined as the range of time between the probable occurrence of a credit loss (such as the initial deterioration of the borrowers financial condition) and the confirmation of that loss (the actual impairment or charge-off of the loan). The losses expected to occur within the estimated loss confirmation period are the basis of our credit reserves because we believe those losses exist as of the reported date of the financial statements. We re-evaluate the level of our credit reserves on at least a quarterly basis, and we record provision, charge-offs, and recoveries monthly.
We do not maintain a loan repurchase reserve, as any risk of loss due to loan repurchases (i.e., due to breach of representations) would normally be covered by recourse to the companies from whom we acquired the loans.
Real estate securities include residential, commercial, and CDO securities. Real estate securities are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) and are carried at their estimated fair market values. Cumulative unrealized gains and losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated statements of stockholders equity. Upon sale this accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is reclassified into earnings on the specific identification method.
9
Coupon interest is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible. Purchase discounts and premiums related to the securities are amortized into interest income over their estimated lives to generate an effective yield, considering the actual and future estimated prepayments of the securities pursuant to the provisions discussed below. Gains or losses on the sale of securities are based on the specific identification method.
When recognizing revenue on AFS securities, we employ the interest method to account for purchase premiums, discounts, and fees associated with these securities. For securities rated AAA or AA, we use the interest method as prescribed under FAS 91, while for securities rated A or lower we use the interest method as prescribed under the Emerging Issues Task Force of the Financial Accounting Standards Board 99-20, Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased and Retained Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets (EITF 99-20). The use of these methods requires us to project cash flows over the remaining life of each asset. These projections include assumptions about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. We review and make adjustments to our cash flow projections on an ongoing basis and monitor these projections based on input and analyses received from external sources, internal models, and our own judgment and experience. Actual maturities of AFS securities are generally shorter than stated contractual maturities. All of our stated maturities are greater than ten years. Actual maturities of the AFS securities are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgages, periodic payments of principal, and prepayments of principal. There can be no assurance that our assumptions used to estimate future cash flows or the current periods yield for each asset would not change in the near term, and the change could be material.
Yields recognized for GAAP for each security vary as a function of credit results, prepayment rates, and, for our securities with variable rate coupons, interest rates. If estimated future credit losses are less than our prior estimate, credit losses occur later than expected, or prepayment rates are faster than expected (meaning the present value of projected cash flows is greater than previously expected), the yield over the remaining life of the security may be adjusted upwards. If estimated future credit losses exceed our prior expectations, credit losses occur more quickly than expected, or prepayments occur more slowly than expected (meaning the present value of projected cash flows is less than previously expected), the yield over the remaining life of the security may be adjusted downward or we may have an other-than-temporary impairment.
For determining other-than-temporary impairment on our real estate securities, we use the guidelines prescribed under EITF 99-20, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (FAS 115), and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 5(m), Other-Than-Temporary Impairment for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (SAB 5(m)). Any other-than-temporary impairments are reported under market valuation adjustments, net in our consolidated statements of income (loss). For real estate securities subject to EITF 03-1, The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and Its Application to Certain Investments (EITF 03-1), we assess whether a drop in fair market value below the cost of the real estate security should be deemed as other-than-temporary impairment. If we have the ability and intent to hold a real estate security for a reasonable period of time sufficient for a forecasted recovery of fair market value up to (or beyond) the cost of the investment, we do not deem that unrealized loss an other-than-temporary impairment.
In the footnotes to the consolidated financial statements, we disclose information on our real estate securities portfolio based on the underlying residential, commercial, and CDO assets. We also provide a further breakdown of these securities by investment-grade securities (IGS, those rated BBB to AAA) and credit-enhancement securities (CES, those rated non-rated to BB, also referred to as first-loss, second-loss, and third-loss securities) based on their current credit rating as of the consolidated balance sheet.
10
Other real estate investments include interest-only certificates (IOs), net interest margin securities (NIMs), and residual securities (residuals). At the conclusion of the first quarter of 2007, we classified these investments as trading securities. With the adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 155, Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Investments, (FAS 155), IOs, NIMs, and residuals may contain embedded derivatives which would require bifurcation and separate valuation through the income statement. We have elected to treat these investments as trading securities under FAS 115 rather than bifurcate the embedded derivative component. Trading securities are reported on our consolidated balance sheet at their estimated fair market values with changes in fair market values reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) through market valuation adjustments.
Total income recognized in current period earnings on these investments equals coupon interest earned plus the change in fair market value. Interest income is equal to the instruments yield based on market expectations.
Non-real estate investments represents a guaranteed investment contract (GIC) entered into by an Acacia securitization entity that we consolidate for financial statements purposes. We have classified this investment as a trading security that is recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at its estimated fair market value. Management considers the GICs fair market value to approximate contract value, as the interest rate is variable at LIBOR minus a spread and resets on a monthly basis. Changes in fair market value are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) through market valuation adjustments. See Note 6 for further discussion of our non-real estate investments.
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.
All derivative financial instruments are reported at fair market value on our consolidated balance sheets. Those with a positive value to us are reported as an asset and those with a negative value to us are reported as a liability. Whether changes in the fair market value of these instruments are reported through our income statement depends on the type of derivative and the accounting treatment chosen.
We currently enter into interest rate agreements to help manage some of our interest rate risks. We report our interest rate agreements at fair market value. We may elect hedge accounting treatment under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (FAS 133), or we may account for these as trading instruments. Net purchases and proceeds from interest rate agreements are classified within cash flows as financing activities within the consolidated statement of cash flows together with the items the interest rate agreements hedge.
We designate an interest rate agreement as (1) a hedge of the fair market value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge), or (3) held for trading (trading instrument).
In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair market value of the hedging derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is subsequently reclassified into earnings when the hedging relationship is terminated. The ineffective portion of the cash flow hedge is
11
recognized immediately in earnings. We use the dollar-offset method to determine the amount of ineffectiveness, and we anticipate having some ineffectiveness in our hedging program, as not all terms of our hedges and not all terms of our hedged items match perfectly.
We will discontinue hedge accounting when (1) we determine that the derivative is no longer expected to be effective in offsetting changes in the fair market value or cash flows of the designated hedged item; (2) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; (3) the derivative is de-designated as a fair value or cash flow hedge; or (4) it is probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur by the end of the originally specified time period.
As of each period end, we may also have outstanding commitments to purchase real estate loans. These commitments are accounted for as derivatives under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 149, Amendment of Statement 133 on Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (FAS 149), when applicable. These are classified as trading instruments and changes in fair market value of the purchase commitments are recorded through valuation adjustments in the consolidated statements of income (loss).
Beginning in the first quarter of 2007, we entered into credit default swap agreements. A credit default swap is an agreement to provide (receive) credit event protection based on a financial index or specific security in exchange for receiving (paying) a fixed rate fee or premium over the term of the contract. Under FAS 133, credit default swaps are accounted for as trading instruments.
See Note 7 for a further discussion of our derivative financial instruments.
Restricted cash includes principal and interest payments from real estate loans and securities owned by consolidated securitization entities that are collateral for, or payable to, owners of ABS issued by those entities and cash pledged as collateral on interest rate agreements. Restricted cash may also include cash retained in Acacia or Sequoia securitization trusts prior to purchase of real estate loans and securities or the redemption of outstanding ABS issued.
Accrued interest receivable represents interest that is due and payable to us. This is generally received within the next month.
Income recognition for GAAP and tax differ in material respects. As a result, we may recognize taxable income in periods prior to recognizing the income for GAAP. When this occurs, we pay the tax liability and establish a deferred tax asset for GAAP. When the income is then realized under GAAP in future periods, the deferred tax asset is recognized as an expense. Our deferred tax assets are generated by differences in GAAP and tax income at our taxable subsidiaries.
ABS issuance costs are costs associated with the issuance of ABS from securitization entities we sponsor. These costs typically include underwriting, rating agency, legal, accounting, and other fees. Deferred ABS issuance costs are reported on our consolidated balance sheets as deferred charges and are amortized as an adjustment to consolidated interest expense using the interest method based on the actual and estimated repayment schedules of the related ABS issued under the principles prescribed in Accounting Practice Bulletin 21, Interest on Receivables and Payables (APB 21).
12
Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets include real estate owned (REO), fixed assets, purchased interest, principal receivable, and other prepaid expenses. REO is reported at the lower of cost or fair market value.
Redwood debt is currently all short-term debt collateralized by loans and securities. We report this debt at its unpaid principal balance.
The majority of the liabilities reported on our consolidated balance sheets represent ABS issued by bankruptcy-remote securitization entities sponsored by Redwood. These ABS issued are carried at their unpaid principal balances net of any unamortized discount or premium. Our exposure to loss from consolidated securitization entities (such as Sequoia and Acacia) is limited (except, in some circumstances, for limited loan repurchase obligations) to our net investment in securities we have acquired from these entities. Sequoia and Acacia assets are held in the custody of trustees. Trustees collect principal and interest payments (less servicing and related fees) from the assets and make corresponding principal and interest payments to the ABS investors. ABS obligations are payable solely from the assets of these entities and are non-recourse to Redwood.
Subordinated notes includes trust preferred securities and subordinated notes. Both are unsecured debt, requiring quarterly interest payments at a floating rate equal to LIBOR plus a spread until they are redeemed in whole, or mature at a future date. These notes contain an earlier optional redemption date without penalty.
Basic earnings (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares and potential common shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares outstanding are calculated using the treasury stock method, which assumes that all dilutive common stock equivalents are exercised and the funds generated by the exercises are used to buy back outstanding common stock at the average market price of the common stock during the reporting period. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 128, Earnings per Share (FAS 128), if there is a loss from continuing operations, the common stock equivalents are deemed antidilutive and diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated in the same manner as basic earnings (loss) per share.
The following table provides reconciliation of denominators of the basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share computations.
13
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands, Except Share Data) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Denominators: |
||||||||||||||||
Denominator for basic earnings (loss) per share is equal to the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period | 27,892,199 | 25,869,743 | 27,388,185 | 25,525,054 | ||||||||||||
Adjustments for diluted earnings (loss) per share are: |
||||||||||||||||
Net effect of dilutive stock options | | 754,789 | | 606,946 | ||||||||||||
Denominator for diluted earnings (loss) per share | 27,892,199 | 26,624,532 | 27,388,185 | 26,132,000 | ||||||||||||
Basic Earnings (Loss) Per Share: | $ | (2.18 | ) | $ | 1.25 | $ | (1.14 | ) | $ | 3.60 | ||||||
Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share: | $ | (2.18 | ) | $ | 1.22 | $ | (1.14 | ) | $ | 3.51 |
Pursuant to EITF 03-6, Participating Securities and the Two Class Method under FASB No. 128 (EITF 03-6), we determined that there was no allocation of income for our outstanding stock options as they were antidilutive for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. There were no other participating securities, as defined by EITF 03-6, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. For the three months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, the number of outstanding stock options that were antidilutive totaled 1,159,298 and 369,343 respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006, the number of outstanding stock options that were antidilutive totaled 1,186,999, and 384,399 respectively.
Current period net unrealized gains and losses on real estate securities available-for-sale, and interest rate agreements classified as cash flow hedges are reported as components of other comprehensive income (loss) on our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Net unrealized gains and losses on securities and interest rate agreements held by our taxable subsidiaries that are reported in other comprehensive income (loss) are adjusted for the effects of tax and may create deferred tax assets or liabilities.
As of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, we had one stock-based employee compensation plan and one employee stock purchase plan. These plans, and associated stock options and other equity awards, are described more fully in Note 16.
We adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123R, Share-Based Payment (FAS 123R), on January 1, 2006. With the adoption of FAS 123R, the grant date fair market value of all remaining unvested stock compensation awards (stock options, deferred stock units, and restricted stock) are expensed on the consolidated statements of income (loss) over the remaining vesting period.
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model was used in determining fair market values of option grants accounted for under FAS 123R. The model requires the use of inputs such as strike price, and assumptions such as expected life, risk free rate of return, and stock price volatility. Options are generally granted over the course of the calendar year. The stock price volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our common stock. Certain options have dividend equivalent rights (DERs) and, accordingly, the assumed dividend yield was zero for these options. Other options granted have no DERs and the assumed dividend yield was 10%.
14
The following table describes the weighted average of assumptions used for calculating the value of options granted for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006. There were no options granted during the three months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||
2007 | 2006 | |||||||
Stock price volatility | 25.52 | % | 25.70 | % | ||||
Risk free rate of return (5 yr Treasury Rate) | 4.58 | % | 4.75 | % | ||||
Average life | 6 years | 5 years | ||||||
Dividend yield | 10.00 | % | 10.00 | % |
We acquire residential real estate loans from third party originators. A portion of these loans are sold to securitization entities sponsored by us under our Sequoia program which, in turn, issue ABS. The remainder of the loans we invest in are held and financed with Redwood debt and equity. At September 30, 2007, we had $6.6 million (of outstanding principal) of residential loans in held-for-sale, with a lower of cost or fair market value of $6.0 million, (carrying value) as we are actively marketing these loans for sale.
The following tables summarize the carrying value of the residential and commercial real estate loans, as reported on our consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Residential real estate loans held-for-sale | $ | 6,048 | $ | | ||||
Residential real estate loans held-for-investment | 7,624,222 | 9,323,935 | ||||||
Total residential real estate loans | 7,630,270 | 9,323,935 | ||||||
Commercial real estate loans held-for-investment | 25,765 | 28,172 | ||||||
Total real estate loans | $ | 7,656,035 | $ | 9,352,107 |
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential Real Estate Loans |
Commercial Real Estate Loans |
Total | |||||||||
Current face | $ | 7,546,529 | $ | 38,224 | $ | 7,584,753 | ||||||
Unamortized premium (discount) | 92,888 | (1,970 | ) | 90,918 | ||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | | (8,141 | ) | (8,141 | ) | |||||||
Amortized cost | 7,639,417 | 28,113 | 7,667,530 | |||||||||
Reserve for credit losses | (15,195 | ) | (2,348 | ) | (17,543 | ) | ||||||
Carrying value | $ | 7,624,222 | $ | 25,765 | $ | 7,649,987 |
15
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential Real Estate Loans |
Commercial Real Estate Loans |
Total | |||||||||
Current face | $ | 9,212,002 | $ | 38,360 | $ | 9,250,362 | ||||||
Unamortized premium (discount) | 132,052 | (2,047 | ) | 130,005 | ||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | | (8,141 | ) | (8,141 | ) | |||||||
Amortized cost | 9,344,054 | 28,172 | 9,372,226 | |||||||||
Reserve for credit losses | (20,119 | ) | | (20,119 | ) | |||||||
Carrying value | $ | 9,323,935 | $ | 28,172 | $ | 9,352,107 |
Of the $7.5 billion of face and $92.9 million of unamortized premium on our residential real estate loans at September 30, 2007, $2.7 billion of face and $70.4 million of unamortized premium relates to residential loans acquired prior to July 1, 2004. At December 31, 2006, the residential loans acquired prior to July 1, 2004 had face and unamortized premium balances of $5.2 billion and $104.3 million, respectively. For these residential loans, we use coupon interest rates as they change over time and anticipated principal payments to determine an effective yield to amortize the premium or discount. During the first nine months of 2007, 46% of these residential loans prepaid and we amortized 32% of the premium. For residential loans acquired after July 1, 2004, the face and unamortized premium was $4.8 billion and $22.5 million at September 30, 2007, respectively, and $4.0 billion and $27.7 million at December 31, 2006, respectively. For these residential loans, we use the initial coupon interest rate of the loans (without regard to future changes in the underlying indices) and anticipated principal payments to calculate an effective yield to amortize the premium or discount.
Residential real estate loans are either sold to securitization entities sponsored by us under our Sequoia program which, in turn, issue ABS or are held and financed with Redwood debt.
The table below presents information regarding real estate loans pledged and unpledged under our borrowing agreements.
September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Face Value | Carrying Value | Face Value | Carrying Value |
||||||||||||
Unpledged | $ | 17,772 | $ | 6,340 | $ | 120,578 | $ | 111,231 | ||||||||
Pledged for Redwood debt: |
||||||||||||||||
Repurchase (repo) agreements | | | 978,713 | 982,629 | ||||||||||||
Commercial paper | | | 301,827 | 302,615 | ||||||||||||
Owned by securitization entities, financed through the issuance of ABS | 7,573,608 | 7,649,695 | 7,849,244 | 7,955,632 | ||||||||||||
Total | $ | 7,591,380 | $ | 7,656,035 | $ | 9,250,362 | $ | 9,352,107 |
Unpledged real estate loans at September 30, 2007 consist mainly of all our held-for-sale residential loans and one commercial loan with a face value of $10.6 million and a carrying value of zero.
16
The real estate securities shown on our consolidated balance sheets include residential, commercial, and CDO securities acquired from securitizations sponsored by others.
The table below presents the carrying value (which equals fair market value as these are available-for-sale securities (AFS)) of our securities that are included in our consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, by type of securities, and by credit rating of investment-grade (IGS) and below investment-grade (CES).
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
CES | IGS | Total AFS Securities |
|||||||||
Residential securities: |
||||||||||||
Prime | $ | 408,632 | $ | 673,467 | $ | 1,082,099 | ||||||
Alt-a | 110,830 | 703,739 | 814,569 | |||||||||
Subprime | 12,983 | 325,027 | 338,010 | |||||||||
Total residential securities | 532,445 | 1,702,233 | 2,234,678 | |||||||||
Commercial securities | 395,401 | 104,396 | 499,797 | |||||||||
CDO securities | 16,758 | 175,155 | 191,913 | |||||||||
Total securities | $ | 944,604 | $ | 1,981,784 | $ | 2,926,388 |
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
CES | IGS | Total AFS Securities |
|||||||||
Residential securities: |
||||||||||||
Prime | $ | 555,369 | $ | 723,247 | $ | 1,278,616 | ||||||
Alt-a | 156,859 | 455,550 | 612,409 | |||||||||
Subprime | 9,303 | 518,453 | 527,756 | |||||||||
Total residential securities | 721,531 | 1,697,250 | 2,418,781 | |||||||||
Commercial securities | 448,060 | 119,613 | 567,673 | |||||||||
CDO securities | 21,964 | 224,349 | 246,313 | |||||||||
Total securities | $ | 1,191,555 | $ | 2,041,212 | $ | 3,232,767 |
17
The table below presents the components comprising the carrying value of available-for-sale IGS reported on our consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total IGS | ||||||||||||
Current face | $ | 2,186,258 | $ | 120,097 | $ | 258,183 | $ | 2,564,538 | ||||||||
Unamortized discount, net | (40,139 | ) | (3,054 | ) | 1,264 | (41,929 | ) | |||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | (42,806 | ) | | (14,966 | ) | (57,772 | ) | |||||||||
Amortized cost | 2,103,313 | 117,043 | 244,481 | 2,464,837 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 3,745 | 113 | 40 | 3,898 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (404,825 | ) | (12,760 | ) | (69,366 | ) | (486,951 | ) | ||||||||
Carrying value | $ | 1,702,233 | $ | 104,396 | $ | 175,155 | $ | 1,981,784 |
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total IGS | ||||||||||||
Current face | $ | 1,708,607 | $ | 122,869 | $ | 222,413 | $ | 2,053,889 | ||||||||
Unamortized discount, net | (16,382 | ) | (3,367 | ) | (238 | ) | (19,987 | ) | ||||||||
Amortized cost | 1,692,225 | 119,502 | 222,175 | 2,033,902 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 14,622 | 980 | 2,638 | 18,240 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (9,597 | ) | (869 | ) | (464 | ) | (10,930 | ) | ||||||||
Carrying value | $ | 1,697,250 | $ | 119,613 | $ | 224,349 | $ | 2,041,212 |
The following table presents the aggregate changes in our amortized discount and the portion of the discount designated as credit reserve for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007. We did not have any designated credit reserves on any securities in this portfolio prior to this quarter.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 32,187 | $ | 3,103 | $ | 7,096 | $ | 42,386 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (1,900 | ) | (60 | ) | (60 | ) | (2,020 | ) | ||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (677 | ) | | 1 | (676 | ) | ||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 4,280 | | (6,217 | ) | (1,937 | ) | ||||||||||
Downgrades to credit-enhancement securities | (1,913 | ) | | (2,084 | ) | (3,997 | ) | |||||||||
Purchased discount | 8,162 | 11 | | 8,173 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 40,139 | $ | 3,054 | $ | (1,264 | ) | $ | 41,929 | |||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | | | | | ||||||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | | | | | ||||||||||||
Impairments on AFS securities | 47,086 | | 8,749 | 55,835 | ||||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (4,280 | ) | | 6,217 | 1,937 | |||||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | | | | | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 42,806 | $ | | $ | 14,966 | $ | 57,772 |
18
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 16,382 | $ | 3,367 | $ | 238 | $ | 19,987 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (5,670 | ) | (196 | ) | (123 | ) | (5,989 | ) | ||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (5,704 | ) | (4 | ) | 116 | (5,592 | ) | |||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 8,518 | | | 8,518 | ||||||||||||
Downgrades to credit-enhancement securities | (1,913 | ) | (160 | ) | (2,199 | ) | (4,272 | ) | ||||||||
Purchased discount | 28,526 | 47 | 704 | 29,277 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 40,139 | $ | 3,054 | $ | (1,264 | ) | $ | 41,929 | |||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | | | | | ||||||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | | | | | ||||||||||||
Impairments on AFS securities | 51,324 | | 14,966 | 66,290 | ||||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (8,518 | ) | | | (8,518 | ) | ||||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | | | | | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 42,806 | $ | | $ | 14,966 | $ | 57,772 |
The table below presents the components comprising the carrying value of available-for-sale CES reported on our consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total CES | ||||||||||||
Current face | $ | 1,269,576 | $ | 880,715 | $ | 36,440 | $ | 2,186,731 | ||||||||
Unamortized discount, net | (127,079 | ) | (95,968 | ) | (9,855 | ) | (232,902 | ) | ||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | (450,839 | ) | (310,498 | ) | (3,827 | ) | (765,164 | ) | ||||||||
Amortized cost | 691,658 | 474,249 | 22,758 | 1,188,665 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 34,749 | 8,503 | 984 | 44,236 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (193,962 | ) | (87,351 | ) | (6,984 | ) | (288,297 | ) | ||||||||
Carrying value | $ | 532,445 | $ | 395,401 | $ | 16,758 | $ | 944,604 |
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total CES | ||||||||||||
Current face | $ | 1,180,605 | $ | 793,743 | $ | 28,731 | $ | 2,003,079 | ||||||||
Unamortized discount, net | (144,842 | ) | (71,424 | ) | (6,889 | ) | (223,155 | ) | ||||||||
Discount designated as credit reserve | (372,247 | ) | (295,340 | ) | | (667,587 | ) | |||||||||
Amortized cost | 663,516 | 426,979 | 21,842 | 1,112,337 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized gains | 71,134 | 23,235 | 516 | 94,885 | ||||||||||||
Gross unrealized losses | (13,119 | ) | (2,154 | ) | (394 | ) | (15,667 | ) | ||||||||
Carrying value | $ | 721,531 | $ | 448,060 | $ | 21,964 | $ | 1,191,555 |
19
At September 30, 2007, our residential CES provided credit-enhancement on $212 billion of residential real estate loans and our commercial CES provided credit-enhancement on $65 billion of commercial real estate loans. At December 31, 2006, our residential CES provided credit-enhancement on $210 billion of residential real estate loans and our commercial CES provided credit-enhancement on $58 billion of commercial real estate loans.
The loans underlying all of our residential CES totaled $212 billion at September 30, 2007, and consist of $186 billion prime, $21 billion alt-a, and $5 billion subprime. These loans are located nationwide with a large concentration in California (46%). During the first three quarters of 2007, net realized residential credit losses were $15.6 million of principal value, a rate that equals one basis point (0.01%) on an annualized basis of the balance of the loans. Serious delinquencies (90+ days, in foreclosure, in bankruptcy or REO) at September 30, 2007 were 1.03% of current balance and 0.57% of original balance. For loans in prime pools, delinquencies were 0.45% of current balance and 0.25% of original balance. Alt-a pools had delinquencies of 3.10% of current balance and 1.60% of original balance. Subprime pools had delinquencies of 13.76% of current balance and 10.00% of original balance.
The amount of designated credit reserve equals the estimate of credit losses within the underlying loan pool on the CES that we expect to incur over the life of the loans. This estimate is determined based upon various factors affecting these assets, including economic conditions, characteristics of the underlying loans, delinquency status, past performance of similar loans, and external credit reserves. We use a variety of internal and external credit risk cash flow modeling and portfolio analytical tools to assist in our assessments. We review our assessments on each individual underlying loan pool and determine the appropriate level of credit reserve required for each security we own at least quarterly. The designated credit reserve is specific to each security.
The following table presents the aggregate changes in our unamortized discount and the portion of the discount designated as credit reserve for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 125,948 | $ | 95,346 | $ | 9,955 | $ | 231,249 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (18,431 | ) | (65 | ) | | (18,496 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (1,996 | ) | | (2,184 | ) | (4,180 | ) | |||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 17,972 | 687 | | 18,659 | ||||||||||||
Downgrades from investment-grade securities | 1,913 | | 2,084 | 3,997 | ||||||||||||
Purchased discount | 1,673 | | | 1,673 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 127,079 | $ | 95,968 | $ | 9,855 | $ | 232,902 | ||||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 453,076 | $ | 310,745 | $ | | $ | 763,821 | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | (6,143 | ) | (272 | ) | | (6,415 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (1,209 | ) | | | (1,209 | ) | ||||||||||
Impairments on AFS securities | 22,521 | 712 | 3,827 | 27,060 | ||||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (17,972 | ) | (687 | ) | | (18,659 | ) | |||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | 566 | | | 566 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 450,839 | $ | 310,498 | $ | 3,827 | $ | 765,164 |
20
Three Months Ended September 30, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 116,702 | $ | 28,184 | $ | 7,978 | $ | 152,864 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (15,901 | ) | 448 | | (15,453 | ) | ||||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (2,981 | ) | (3,871 | ) | (593 | ) | (7,445 | ) | ||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 31,534 | 1,271 | | 32,805 | ||||||||||||
Downgrades from investment-grade securities | | | | | ||||||||||||
Purchased discount | 9,809 | 22,217 | | 32,026 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 139,163 | $ | 48,249 | $ | 7,385 | $ | 194,797 | ||||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 425,578 | $ | 192,134 | $ | | $ | 617,712 | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | (2,004 | ) | (472 | ) | | (2,476 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (36,355 | ) | | | (36,355 | ) | ||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (31,534 | ) | (1,271 | ) | | (32,805 | ) | |||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | 28,711 | 67,991 | | 96,702 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 384,396 | $ | 258,382 | $ | | $ | 642,778 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 144,842 | $ | 71,424 | $ | 6,889 | $ | 223,155 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (58,388 | ) | (256 | ) | | (58,644 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | 521 | (42 | ) | (2,079 | ) | (1,600 | ) | |||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 31,265 | 10,975 | | 42,240 | ||||||||||||
Downgrades from investment-grade securities | 1,913 | 160 | 2,199 | 4,272 | ||||||||||||
Purchased discount | 6,926 | 13,707 | 2,846 | 23,479 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 127,079 | $ | 95,968 | $ | 9,855 | $ | 232,902 | ||||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 372,247 | $ | 295,340 | $ | | $ | 667,587 | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | (15,596 | ) | (1,543 | ) | | (17,139 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (4,883 | ) | | | (4,883 | ) | ||||||||||
Impairments on AFS securities | 35,305 | 1,520 | 3,827 | 40,652 | ||||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (31,265 | ) | (10,975 | ) | | (42,240 | ) | |||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | 95,031 | 26,156 | | 121,187 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 450,839 | $ | 310,498 | $ | 3,827 | $ | 765,164 |
21
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Residential | Commercial | CDO | Total | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 121,824 | $ | 28,993 | $ | 8,004 | $ | 158,821 | ||||||||
Amortization of discount | (39,977 | ) | 1,269 | 44 | (38,664 | ) | ||||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (3,036 | ) | (2,663 | ) | (663 | ) | (6,362 | ) | ||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | 54,184 | (4,042 | ) | | 50,142 | |||||||||||
Upgrades to investment-grade securities | (6,249 | ) | | | (6,249 | ) | ||||||||||
Purchased discount | 12,417 | 24,692 | | 37,109 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of unamortized discount, net | $ | 139,163 | $ | 48,249 | $ | 7,385 | $ | 194,797 | ||||||||
Beginning balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 354,610 | $ | 141,806 | $ | | $ | 496,416 | ||||||||
Realized credit losses | (5,623 | ) | (336 | ) | | (5,959 | ) | |||||||||
Calls, sales, and other | (41,258 | ) | | | (41,258 | ) | ||||||||||
Re-designation between credit reserve and discount | (54,185 | ) | 4,042 | | (50,143 | ) | ||||||||||
Purchased discount designated as credit reserve | 130,852 | 112,870 | | 243,722 | ||||||||||||
Ending balance of designated credit reserve | $ | 384,396 | $ | 258,382 | $ | | $ | 642,778 |
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, we recognized other-than-temporary impairments of $82.9 million and $104.5 million, respectively, through market valuation adjustments in our consolidated statements of income (loss). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, we recognized other-than-temporary impairments of $0.5 million and $6.0 million, respectively.
The table below presents the gross realized gains and losses on securities and the realized gains on calls for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Gross realized gains on sales of securities | $ | 3,221 | $ | 5,590 | $ | 6,636 | $ | 10,040 | ||||||||
Gross realized losses on sales of securities | (3,050 | ) | (623 | ) | (5,787 | ) | (1,973 | ) | ||||||||
Gains on calls of securities | 3,284 | 723 | 5,437 | 1,470 | ||||||||||||
Total realized gains on sales and calls | $ | 3,455 | $ | 5,690 | $ | 6,286 | $ | 9,537 |
Gross unrealized gains and losses represent the difference between the net amortized cost and the fair market value of individual securities. Gross unrealized losses represent a decline in fair market value for securities not deemed impaired under GAAP.
The following tables show the gross unrealized losses, fair market values, and length of time that any real estate securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006. These unrealized losses are not considered to be other-than-temporary impairments because these losses are not due to adverse changes in cash flows and we have the intent and ability to hold these securities for a period sufficient for these securities to potentially recover their values.
22
Less Than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Fair MarketValue | Unrealized Losses | Fair Market Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Market Value | Unrealized Losses | ||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 1,627,431 | $ | (539,169 | ) | $ | 304,429 | $ | (59,618 | ) | $ | 1,931,860 | $ | (598,787 | ) | |||||||||
Commercial | 354,456 | (85,120 | ) | 81,716 | (14,991 | ) | 436,172 | (100,111 | ) | |||||||||||||||
CDO | 166,405 | (68,990 | ) | 10,766 | (7,360 | ) | 177,171 | (76,350 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Total securities | $ | 2,148,292 | $ | (693,279 | ) | $ | 396,911 | $ | (81,969 | ) | $ | 2,545,203 | $ | (775,248 | ) |
Less Than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2006 (In Thousands) |
Fair Market Value |
Unrealized Losses |
Fair Market Value |
Unrealized Losses |
Fair Market Value | Unrealized Losses |
||||||||||||||||||
Residential | $ | 495,242 | $ | (9,938 | ) | $ | 385,170 | $ | (12,778 | ) | $ | 880,412 | $ | (22,716 | ) | |||||||||
Commercial | 111,603 | (1,055 | ) | 85,010 | (1,968 | ) | 196,613 | (3,023 | ) | |||||||||||||||
CDO | 29,378 | (257 | ) | 29,543 | (601 | ) | 58,921 | (858 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Total securities | $ | 636,223 | $ | (11,250 | ) | $ | 499,723 | $ | (15,347 | ) | $ | 1,135,946 | $ | (26,597 | ) |
We fund the credit-sensitive securities we acquire with equity. We fund some of the securities we acquire on a temporary basis with short-term borrowings prior to the sale to the securitization entities we sponsor. We also acquire less credit-risk sensitive assets and finance these investments with a combination of Redwood debt and equity.
The table below presents information regarding our securities pledged under borrowing agreements and owned by securitization entities as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Unpledged | $ | 361,274 | $ | 463,891 | ||||
Pledged for Redwood debt | 44,215 | 593,070 | ||||||
Owned by securitization entities, financed through issuance of ABS | 2,520,899 | 2,175,806 | ||||||
Carrying value | $ | 2,926,388 | $ | 3,232,767 |
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Other real estate investments shown on our consolidated balance sheets include IOs, NIMs, and residuals. We have elected to classify these investments as trading investments under GAAP. These assets are carried at fair market value on our consolidated balance sheet and changes in fair market value flow through market valuation adjustments, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).
The table below presents the carrying value (which equals fair market value as these are classified as trading instruments) of these investments as of September 30, 2007. We did not have any assets classified as other real estate investments at December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 (In Thousands) |
Prime | Alt-a | Subprime | Total | ||||||||||||
Residential |
||||||||||||||||
IOs | $ | 1,676 | $ | 285 | $ | | $ | 1,961 | ||||||||
NIMs | | 9,170 | 6,450 | 15,620 | ||||||||||||
Residuals | | 6,848 | 871 | 7,719 | ||||||||||||
Total other real estate investments | $ | 1,676 | $ | 16,303 | $ | 7,321 | $ | 25,300 |
The fair market value of our other real estate investments declined $2.8 million and $14.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively. As of September 30, 2007, $1.2 million of other real estate investments were owned by securitization entities and financed through the issuance of ABS and the remaining $24.1 million were funded with equity.
Non-real estate investments represents an $80 million guaranteed investment contract (GIC) entered into during the second quarter of 2007 by an Acacia securitization entity that we consolidate for financial statements purposes.
This GIC represents a deposit certificate issued by a rated investment bank. This GIC serves as the collateral to cover potential losses on a credit default swap (CDS) also entered into by this same Acacia entity. The CDS references BBB and A rated residential mortgage-backed securities issued in 2006. In the event that any of these referenced securities incurs a credit loss, the GIC can then be drawn upon by the CDS counterparty to cover the amount of such loss. We have classified this investment as a trading security that is recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at its estimated fair market value. Management currently considers the GICs fair market value to approximate contract value, as the interest rate is variable at LIBOR less 5 basis points and resets on a monthly basis. Changes in fair market value are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) through market valuation adjustments.
The carrying and fair market value was $80 million of this investment as of September 30, 2007. We did not have any assets classified as non-real estate investments in prior periods.
We report our derivative financial instruments at fair market value as determined using third-party models and confirmed by Wall Street dealers. As of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, the net fair market value of derivative financial instruments was negative $8.7 million and positive $20.6 million, respectively.
24
The following table shows the aggregate fair market value and notional amount of our derivative financial instruments as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Fair Market Value | Notional Amount | Fair Market Value | Notional Amount | ||||||||||||
Trading Instruments |
||||||||||||||||
Interest rate caps purchased | $ | 4,463 | $ | 706,400 | $ | 1,114 | $ | 71,900 | ||||||||
Interest rate caps sold | (1,168 | ) | 250,000 | | | |||||||||||
Interest rate corridors purchased | | 714,618 | | 844,805 | ||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | (35 | ) | 277,059 | 242 | 131,195 | |||||||||||
Credit default swaps | (19,837 | ) | 83,000 | (6 | ) | 1,000 | ||||||||||
Futures | | | 90 | 204,000 | ||||||||||||
Purchase commitments | | | (168 | ) | 80,964 | |||||||||||
Cash Flow Hedges |
||||||||||||||||
Futures | | | (44 | ) | 627,000 | |||||||||||
Interest rate swaps | 7,849 | 934,266 | 19,385 | 1,279,007 | ||||||||||||
Total Derivative Financial Instruments | $ | (8,728 | ) | $ | 2,965,343 | $ | 20,613 | $ | 3,239,871 |
We maintain an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of interest rate agreements for a variety of reasons, including minimizing significant fluctuations in earnings or market values on certain assets or liabilities that may be caused by interest rate volatility. Currently, the majority of our interest rate agreements are used to match the duration of liabilities to assets. Interest rate agreements we use as part of our interest rate risk management strategy may include interest rate options, swaps, options on swaps, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and options on forward purchases. We currently account for our interest rate agreements as either cash flow hedges or trading instruments.
In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair market value of the hedging derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is subsequently reclassified into earnings when the hedging relationship is terminated. The ineffective portion of the cash flow hedge is recognized immediately in earnings. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, the amount of ineffectiveness was $42,000 income and $0.6 million income, respectively, and was $0.3 million income and $0.5 million income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
We reclassified negative $0.2 million and negative $0.9 million from other comprehensive income (loss) to interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively, and reclassified negative $47,000 and positive $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
Our interest rate agreements had net receipts of $2.1 million and $7.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively, and net receipts of $3.0 million and $9.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
The following table presents the interest income and expense of our interest rate agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
25
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Net interest income on cash flow interest rate agreements | $ | 2,100 | $ | 3,042 | $ | 7,222 | $ | 9,096 | ||||||||
Realized net gains due to net ineffective portion of hedges | 42 | 322 | 631 | 455 | ||||||||||||
Realized net (losses) gains reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) | (183 | ) | (47 | ) | (860 | ) | 425 | |||||||||
Total | $ | 1,959 | $ | 3,317 | $ | 6,993 | $ | 9,976 |
When the interest rate agreement is accounted for as a trading instrument, changes in the fair market value of the interest rate agreement and all associated income and expenses are reported in earnings through net recognized valuation adjustments. We had net valuation adjustments on interest rate agreements of negative $17.9 million and negative $20.9 million for three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, respectively, and negative $8.5 million and positive $1.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, respectively.
Interest rate agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges may be terminated prior to the completion of the forecasted transactions. In these cases, and when the forecasted transaction is still likely to occur, the net gain or loss on the interest rate agreements remains in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to our consolidated statements of income (loss) during the period the forecasted transaction occurs.
In the case when the hedge is terminated and the forecasted transaction is not expected to occur, we immediately recognize the gain or loss through gains on sales, net in our consolidated statements of income (loss). For the three months ended September 30, 2007, there were no such instances. For the nine months ended September 30, 2007, there was one such instance which resulted in a gain of $1 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2006, there was one such instance which resulted in a gain of $6 million.
Our total unrealized gain or loss on interest rate agreements included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was negative $8.0 million at September 30, 2007 and positive $6.7 million at December 31, 2006.
Our loan purchase commitments represent derivative instruments under Financial Accounting Standard No. 149, Amendment of Statement 133 on Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (FAS 149.) At September 30, 2007, we had no loan purchase commitments. At December 31, 2006, the fair market value of our loan purchase commitments was negative $0.2 million. The change in fair market value from period to period is included in valuation adjustments, in our consolidated statements of income (loss).
A credit default swap is an agreement to provide (receive) credit event protection based on a financial index or specific security in exchange for receiving (paying) a fixed rate fee or premium over the term of the contract. In the first quarter of 2007, we began entering into these agreements where we agreed to provide credit event protection in exchange for a premium. In essence, these instruments enables us to credit enhance a specific pool of loans. We included these credit default swaps in our Acacia CDO Option Arm 1 which closed in the second quarter of 2007.
26
Credit default swaps are accounted for as trading instruments, reported at fair market value with the changes in fair market value recognized through our income statement. The value of these contracts decrease for a variety of reasons, including when the probability of the occurrence of a specific credit event increases, when the markets perceptions of default risk in general change, or when there are changes in the supply and demand of these instruments. Since the acquisition of these credit default swaps, the value has decreased $19.3 million, primarily as the result of widening spreads in these types of instruments.
We incur credit risk to the extent that the counterparties to the derivative financial instruments do not perform their obligations under the agreements. If one of the counterparties does not perform, we may not receive the cash to which we would otherwise be entitled under the agreement. In order to mitigate this risk, we only enter into agreements that are either a) transacted on a national exchange or b) transacted with counterparties that are either i) designated by the U.S. Department of Treasury as a primary government dealer, ii) affiliates of primary government dealers, or iii) rated BBB or higher. Furthermore, we generally enter into agreements with several different counterparties in order to diversify our credit risk exposure. At September 30, 2007, we had $2.0 million credit exposure on interest rate agreements. At December 31, 2006, we had $1.0 million credit exposure on futures and $5.1 million credit exposure on interest rate agreements.
We establish reserves for credit losses on our real estate loans based on our estimate of losses inherent in our loan portfolio.
Delinquencies in our consolidated residential real estate loan portfolio were $56 million and $65 million as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. Delinquencies include loans delinquent more than 90 days, in bankruptcy, and in foreclosure. As a percentage of our current residential real estate loan balances, delinquencies stood at 0.74% and 0.71% at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively. As a percentage of the original balances, delinquencies stood at 0.20% and 0.21% at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, respectively.
Our residential loan servicers advance payment on delinquent loans to the extent they deem them recoverable. We accrue interest on loans until they are more than 90 days past due at which point they are placed on nonaccrual status. When a loan becomes REO, we estimate the specific loss, based on estimated net proceeds from the sale of the property (including accrued but unpaid interest), and charge this specific estimated loss against the reserve for credit losses.
For the three months ended September 30, 2007, we had a total credit loss provision of $1.5 million. During the third quarter of 2007 we transferred $5.6 million (of principal value) of delinquent residential loans from held-for-investment to held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair market value (LOCOM) with a corresponding reduction in the reserve for credit losses through charge-offs. The impact of these events was a $0.5 million net reduction of the balance sheet credit reserve.
27
The following table summarizes the activity in reserves for credit losses for our consolidated residential real estate loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 16,416 | $ | 19,450 | $ | 20,119 | $ | 22,656 | ||||||||
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses | 1,507 | 465 | 5,488 | (1,900 | ) | |||||||||||
Charge-offs | (2,728 | ) | (589 | ) | (10,412 | ) | (1,430 | ) | ||||||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 15,195 | $ | 19,326 | $ | 15,195 | $ | 19,326 | ||||||||
The following table summarizes the activity in reserves for credit losses for our commercial real estate loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007 and 2006.
Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | 2007 | 2006 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 2,348 | $ | | $ | | $ | | ||||||||
Provision for credit losses | | | 2,348 | 35 | ||||||||||||
Charge-offs | | | | (35 | ) | |||||||||||
Balance at end of period | $ | 2,348 | $ | | $ | 2,348 | $ | |
During the first quarter of 2007, we fully reserved for an anticipated loss on a junior mezzanine commercial loan financing a condominium-conversion project in the amount of $2.3 million. Principal and accrued interest on this loan was scheduled to be paid upon the completion of the project and sale of the units. Accordingly, the loan was not delinquent. However, due to cost overruns and changing market conditions, we believe it is unlikely we will collect any outstanding principal upon completion of the project. The provision for credit losses on commercial loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2007 relates to that loan.
Other assets as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006 are summarized in the following table.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 |
December 31, 2006 |
||||||
Real estate owned (REO) | $ | 14,345 | $ | 7,963 | ||||
Fixed assets and leasehold improvements | 7,129 | 4,439 | ||||||
Principal receivable | 2,029 | 4,417 | ||||||
Purchased interest | | 1,045 | ||||||
Other | 1,936 | 2,342 | ||||||
Total other assets | $ | 25,439 | $ | 20,206 |
28
We enter into repurchase agreements, bank borrowings, and other forms of collateralized (and generally uncommitted) borrowings with several banks and major investment banking firms. We also issue commercial paper for financing residential and commercial real estate loans and securities. We refer to these borrowings as Redwood debt. We report Redwood debt at its unpaid principal balance. We also have other types of recourse debt such as subordinated notes (See Note 12).
The table below summarizes the outstanding balances of Redwood debt as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, by collateral type.
September 30, 2007 | ||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Number of Facilities |
Outstanding | Limit | Maturity | ||||||||||||
Facilities by collateral |
||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans | 4 | $ | | $ | 2,350,000 | 10/07 1/08 | ||||||||||
Real estate securities | 11 | 39,378 | 4,287,000 | | ||||||||||||
Unsecured line of credit | 1 | | 10,000 | 10/07 | ||||||||||||
Madrona commercial paper facility | 1 | | 490,000 | 7/09 | ||||||||||||
Total facilities | 17 | $ | 39,378 | $ | 7,137,000 |
December 31, 2006 | ||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Number of Facilities | Outstanding | Limit | Maturity | ||||||||||||
Facilities by collateral |
||||||||||||||||
Real estate loans | 5 | $ | 959,139 | $ | 2,700,000 | 1/07 10/07 | ||||||||||
Real estate securities | 14 | 597,069 | 5,787,000 | | ||||||||||||
Unsecured line of credit | 1 | | 10,000 | 10/07 | ||||||||||||
Madrona commercial paper facility | 1 | 300,000 | 490,000 | 7/09 | ||||||||||||
Total facilities | 21 | $ | 1,856,208 | $ | 8,987,000 |
At September 30, 2007, we had $4.3 billion of uncommitted real estate securities facilities and $2.4 billion of uncommitted real estate loan facilities included within the limits above.
At September 30, 2007, Redwood debt was all short-term debt. Borrowings under these facilities generally bear interest based on a specified margin over the one-month LIBOR interest rate. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2007, the average balance of Redwood debt was $0.4 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, with a weighted-average interest cost of 5.87% and 5.84%, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2006, the average balance of Redwood debt was $0.6 billion and $0.3 billion, with a weighted-average interest cost of 5.82% and 6.08%, respectively. At September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006, accrued interest payable on Redwood debt was $30,000 and $7.0 million, respectively.
At September 30, 2007 we had no commercial paper outstanding. At December 31, 2006, we had $300 million of commercial paper outstanding through our Madrona special purpose entity.
The table below summarizes Redwood debt by weighted average interest rates and by collateral type in Redwood debt at September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
29
September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(In Thousands) | Amount Borrowed |
Weighted Average Interest Rate |
Weighted Average Days Until Maturity |
Amount Borrowed |
Weighted Average Interest Rate |
Weighted Average Days Until Maturity |
||||||||||||||||||
Real estate loan collateral | $ | | | | $ | 1,259,139 | 5.54 | % | 21 | |||||||||||||||
Securities collateral |
39,378 | 5.25 | % | 26 | 597,069 | 6.06 | % | 110 | ||||||||||||||||
Total Redwood debt |
$ | 39,378 | 5.25 | % | 26 | $ | 1,856,208 | 5.71 | % | 49 |
The following table presents the remaining maturities of Redwood debt as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 |
||||||
Within 30 days | $ | 39,378 | $ | 1,259,138 | ||||
31 to 90 days | | 392,566 | ||||||
Over 90 days | | 204,504 | ||||||
Total Redwood debt | $ | 39,378 | $ | 1,856,208 |
As of September 30, 2007 we were in breach on four of our International Swaps and Derivatives Association agreement covenants with derivative counterparties due to a decline in total reported net worth. We have subsequently transferred these agreements to new counterparties whose covenants we are in compliance with. In addition, for the same total reported net worth reasons, we were in breach on three debt covenants. However, these facilities had zero balances at September 30, 2007. We continue to be in compliance with all other debt covenants for all of our borrowing arrangements and credit facilities. Covenants associated with our debt generally relate to our tangible net worth, liquidity reserves, and leverage requirements. While we generally do not anticipate having any problems in meeting most of our covenants on these arrangements, the possible future decline and volatility in our reported net worth may require us to renegotiate some covenants or reduce the number of counterparties with whom we transact business. It is our intention to renew committed and uncommitted facilities as needed, as well as pursue additional facilities and other types of financing.
The Sequoia and Acacia securitization entities sponsored by us issue ABS to raise the funds to acquire assets from us and others. Each series of ABS consists of various classes that pay interest at variable and fixed rates. Substantially all of the variable-rate ABS are indexed to one-, three- or six-month LIBOR, with interest paid monthly or quarterly. A lesser amount of the ABS is fixed for a term and then will adjust to a LIBOR rate (hybrid ABS) or is fixed for its entire term. Some of the ABS securities issued are IOs and have coupons set at a fixed rate or a fixed spread, while others earn a coupon based on the spread between collateral owned by and the ABS issued by a securitized entity.
The maturity of each class of ABS is directly affected by the rate of principal prepayments on the assets of the issuing entity. Each series is also subject to redemption (call) according to the specific terms of the respective governing documents. As a result, the actual maturity of an ABS is likely to occur earlier than its stated maturity.
30
The carrying value components of the collateral for ABS issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2007 and December 31, 2006 are summarized in the table below.
(In Thousands) | September 30, 2007 | December 31, 2006 | ||||||
Real estate loans | $ | 7,649,695 | $ | 7,955,632 | ||||
Real estate securities | 2,520,899 | 2,175,806 | ||||||
Other real estate investments | 1,200 | | ||||||
Real estate owned (REO) | 12,286 | 7,963 | ||||||
Restricted cash owned by consolidated securitization entities | 137,057 | 111,124 | ||||||
Accrued interest receivable | 52,463 | 61,617 | ||||||
Total collateral for ABS issued |